TY - JOUR
T1 - Biodiesel synthesis over millimetric ?-Al2O3/KI catalyst
AU - Islam, Aminul
AU - Taufiq-Yap, Yun Hin
AU - Ravindra, Pogaku
AU - Teo, Siow Hwa
AU - Sivasangar, Seenivasagam
AU - Chan, Eng Seng
PY - 2015
Y1 - 2015
N2 - The use of spherical millimetric gamma-alumina (?-Al2O3) as a catalyst support for the production of biodiesel from palm oil was demonstrated. The catalyst support was produced using dripping method, and KI catalyst was loaded on the support using impregnation method. The highest FAME (fatty acid methyl ester) yield of 98 was obtained when the reaction was carried out under the conditions of catalyst to oil ratio of 0.6 g (4wt. , gcat./goil) using 0.24gKI/g?-Al2O3 of catalyst loading, reaction time of 4 h, temperature of 60 ?C and methanol to palm oil molar ratio of 14:1. XRD (X-ray diffraction) analysis showed the formation of K2O and KAlO2 phases on the KI/?-Al2O3 catalyst which were possibly the active sites for the transesterification reaction. The highest number and strength of basic sites generated from the solid phase reaction of the KI/?-Al2O3 catalyst loaded with 0.24 g kF/g ?-Al2O3 were confirmed by temperature programmed desorption of CO2 (CO2-TPD) analysis. The nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms was revealed a mesoporous structure of the catalysts. The leaching of potassium species in reused catalysts was observed, as verified by XRF (X-ray fluorescence). KI/?-Al2O3 had a long life time and maintained sustained activity even after being repeatedly used for 11 cycles. The biodiesel yield was comparable to that produced from smaller catalysts. Thus, the catalyst could be potential for industrial use, as they can be handled safely, easily separated from the process fluid and used in fixed bed reactor to minimize pressure drop.
AB - The use of spherical millimetric gamma-alumina (?-Al2O3) as a catalyst support for the production of biodiesel from palm oil was demonstrated. The catalyst support was produced using dripping method, and KI catalyst was loaded on the support using impregnation method. The highest FAME (fatty acid methyl ester) yield of 98 was obtained when the reaction was carried out under the conditions of catalyst to oil ratio of 0.6 g (4wt. , gcat./goil) using 0.24gKI/g?-Al2O3 of catalyst loading, reaction time of 4 h, temperature of 60 ?C and methanol to palm oil molar ratio of 14:1. XRD (X-ray diffraction) analysis showed the formation of K2O and KAlO2 phases on the KI/?-Al2O3 catalyst which were possibly the active sites for the transesterification reaction. The highest number and strength of basic sites generated from the solid phase reaction of the KI/?-Al2O3 catalyst loaded with 0.24 g kF/g ?-Al2O3 were confirmed by temperature programmed desorption of CO2 (CO2-TPD) analysis. The nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms was revealed a mesoporous structure of the catalysts. The leaching of potassium species in reused catalysts was observed, as verified by XRF (X-ray fluorescence). KI/?-Al2O3 had a long life time and maintained sustained activity even after being repeatedly used for 11 cycles. The biodiesel yield was comparable to that produced from smaller catalysts. Thus, the catalyst could be potential for industrial use, as they can be handled safely, easily separated from the process fluid and used in fixed bed reactor to minimize pressure drop.
U2 - 10.1016/j.energy.2015.06.036
DO - 10.1016/j.energy.2015.06.036
M3 - Article
SN - 0360-5442
VL - 89
SP - 965
EP - 973
JO - Energy
JF - Energy
IS - September 2015
ER -