Auditing ethics: a cost–benefit framework for audit studies

The audit study design offers researchers a powerful tool to measure discrimination. Yet ethical concerns surround the use of this design. In this article, we introduce a cost–benefit framework that researchers should consider when conducting audit studies. One key insight of this framework is that when researchers evaluate audit studies due to ethical concerns, they must also evaluate the relative benefits of studying discrimination through other means. Building on this framework, we provide a set of practical recommendations that researchers can adopt to (1) minimize costs (i.e. ethical harm) and (2) maximize benefits (i.e. quality of their research). We hope that our suggestions contribute to the ongoing, important discussion about ethical issues involving audit studies and generate better work on discrimination.