TY - JOUR
T1 - Association between Chlamydial Infection with Ectopic and Full-Term Pregnancies
T2 - A Case-Control Study
AU - Arasoo, Valliammai Jayanthi Thirunavuk
AU - Masalamani, Mariyammah
AU - Ramadas, Amutha
AU - Dominic, Nisha Angela
AU - Liew, Darien Daojuin
AU - Sia, Robin Wai Jen
AU - Wanigarathe, Anuradha
AU - Weerawarna, Keshawa
AU - Wong, William Lik Loong
AU - Jeganathan, Ravichandran
N1 - Funding Information:
This study was funded by the Tropical Medicine and Biology Platform Seed grant (TMB-2022-CR3185140918) and the Monash University Malaysia Internal Seed grant (SCH SEED/2020/002).
Publisher Copyright:
© 2022 by the authors.
PY - 2022/10
Y1 - 2022/10
N2 - Ectopic pregnancies (EPs) are potentially fatal if not recognized early. Evidence of an association with chlamydial infection in South East Asia is lacking. This case-control study aims to (i) compare chlamydial infection in women with EP to women who delivered a full-term pregnancy, (ii) investigate classical factors associated with EP, and (iii) investigate rupture status in EP. Seventy-two women with a confirmed diagnosis of EP and sixty-nine who delivered a full-term pregnancy in a tertiary hospital in Malaysia were recruited from November 2019 to January 2022. Demographic and relevant clinical data and intraoperative findings were documented. Blood samples for testing IgG levels of chlamydia were obtained. Women with EP were more likely to have tested positive for chlamydia than those with a full-term delivery (34.7% vs. 13.0%, AOR = 4.18, 95% CI = 1.67–10.48, p = 0.002). The majority did not have the classic risk factors associated with EP. An amount of 52.8% presented with a ruptured EP, with 84.2% of ruptures occurring after six weeks of gestation. An amount of 44.2% had an estimated blood loss of more than 500 cc, with 20% losing more than 1500 cc of blood. The prevalence of prior chlamydial infection in women with EP is significant enough to necessitate a review of early pregnancy care.
AB - Ectopic pregnancies (EPs) are potentially fatal if not recognized early. Evidence of an association with chlamydial infection in South East Asia is lacking. This case-control study aims to (i) compare chlamydial infection in women with EP to women who delivered a full-term pregnancy, (ii) investigate classical factors associated with EP, and (iii) investigate rupture status in EP. Seventy-two women with a confirmed diagnosis of EP and sixty-nine who delivered a full-term pregnancy in a tertiary hospital in Malaysia were recruited from November 2019 to January 2022. Demographic and relevant clinical data and intraoperative findings were documented. Blood samples for testing IgG levels of chlamydia were obtained. Women with EP were more likely to have tested positive for chlamydia than those with a full-term delivery (34.7% vs. 13.0%, AOR = 4.18, 95% CI = 1.67–10.48, p = 0.002). The majority did not have the classic risk factors associated with EP. An amount of 52.8% presented with a ruptured EP, with 84.2% of ruptures occurring after six weeks of gestation. An amount of 44.2% had an estimated blood loss of more than 500 cc, with 20% losing more than 1500 cc of blood. The prevalence of prior chlamydial infection in women with EP is significant enough to necessitate a review of early pregnancy care.
KW - chlamydia infection
KW - ectopic pregnancy
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85140601823&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.3390/tropicalmed7100285
DO - 10.3390/tropicalmed7100285
M3 - Article
C2 - 36288026
AN - SCOPUS:85140601823
SN - 2414-6366
VL - 7
JO - Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease
JF - Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease
IS - 10
M1 - 285
ER -