Application of the air pollution model (TAPM) to the urban airshed of Bangkok, Thailand

Bangkok has been faced with air pollution problems as a result of increasing traffic emissions. The Air Pollution Model (TAPM) was employed to simulate carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations based on an emissions inventory data. The hourly CO concentrations from a year-long simulation have been evaluated against observations from six monitoring sites. The simulated concentrations were evaluated against the observations by various standard statistical indices. The model shows some skill in simulating the CO concentrations during winter season when a well-defined boundary layer exists over Bangkok. However, the simulations are degraded in summer, most likely owing to deep convection.