TY - JOUR
T1 - Analysis of the effect of estrogen/androgen perturbation on penile development in transgenic and diethylstilbestrol-treated mice
AU - Blaschko, Sarah D
AU - Mahawong, Phitsanu
AU - Ferritti, Max
AU - Cunha, Tristan J
AU - Sinclair, Adriane
AU - Wang, Hong
AU - Schlomer, Bruce J
AU - Risbridger, Gail Petuna
AU - Baskin, Laurence S
AU - Cunha, Gerald R
PY - 2013
Y1 - 2013
N2 - Because both androgens and estrogens have been implicated in penile morphogenesis, we evaluated penile morphology in transgenic mice with known imbalance of androgen and estrogen signaling using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), histology, and immunohistochemistry of androgen and estrogen receptors alpha/beta. Penises of adult wild-type, estrogen receptor-alpha knockout (alphaERKO), estrogen receptor-beta knockout (betaERKO), aromatase knockout (Arom-KO), and aromatase overexpression (Arom+) mice were evaluated, as well as adult mice treated with diethylstilbestrol (DES) from birth to day 10. Adult penises were examined because the adult pattern is the endpoint of development. The urethral orifice is formed by fusion of the MUMP (male urogenital mating protuberance) with the MUMP ridge, which consists of several processes fused to each other and to the MUMP. Similarly, the internal prepuce is completed ventrally by fusion of a ventral cleft. In adult murine penises the stromal processes that form the MUMP ridge are separated from their neighbors by clefts. alphaERKO, betaERKO, and Arom-KO mice have penises with a MUMP ridge clefting pattern similar to that of wild-type mice. In contrast, Arom+ mice and neonatally DES-treated mice exhibit profound malformations of the MUMP, MUMP ridge clefting pattern, and internal prepuce. Abnormalities observed in Arom+ and neonatally DES-treated mice correlate with the expression of estrogen receptor-beta (ERbeta) in the affected structures. This study demonstrates that formation of the urethal orifice and internal prepuce is due to fusion of separate epithelial-surfaced mesenchymal elements, a process dependent upon both androgen and estrogen signaling, in which ERbeta signaling is strongly implicated. Anat Rec, 296:1127-1141, 2013. (c) 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
AB - Because both androgens and estrogens have been implicated in penile morphogenesis, we evaluated penile morphology in transgenic mice with known imbalance of androgen and estrogen signaling using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), histology, and immunohistochemistry of androgen and estrogen receptors alpha/beta. Penises of adult wild-type, estrogen receptor-alpha knockout (alphaERKO), estrogen receptor-beta knockout (betaERKO), aromatase knockout (Arom-KO), and aromatase overexpression (Arom+) mice were evaluated, as well as adult mice treated with diethylstilbestrol (DES) from birth to day 10. Adult penises were examined because the adult pattern is the endpoint of development. The urethral orifice is formed by fusion of the MUMP (male urogenital mating protuberance) with the MUMP ridge, which consists of several processes fused to each other and to the MUMP. Similarly, the internal prepuce is completed ventrally by fusion of a ventral cleft. In adult murine penises the stromal processes that form the MUMP ridge are separated from their neighbors by clefts. alphaERKO, betaERKO, and Arom-KO mice have penises with a MUMP ridge clefting pattern similar to that of wild-type mice. In contrast, Arom+ mice and neonatally DES-treated mice exhibit profound malformations of the MUMP, MUMP ridge clefting pattern, and internal prepuce. Abnormalities observed in Arom+ and neonatally DES-treated mice correlate with the expression of estrogen receptor-beta (ERbeta) in the affected structures. This study demonstrates that formation of the urethal orifice and internal prepuce is due to fusion of separate epithelial-surfaced mesenchymal elements, a process dependent upon both androgen and estrogen signaling, in which ERbeta signaling is strongly implicated. Anat Rec, 296:1127-1141, 2013. (c) 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
UR - http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.ezproxy.lib.monash.edu.au/doi/10.1002/ar.22708/pdf
U2 - 10.1002/ar.22708
DO - 10.1002/ar.22708
M3 - Article
SN - 1932-8486
VL - 296
SP - 1127
EP - 1141
JO - Anatomical Record
JF - Anatomical Record
IS - 7
ER -