Alloying strategies for tuning product selectivity during electrochemical CO₂ reduction over Cu

Excessive reliance on fossil fuels has led to the release and accumulation of large quantities of CO₂ into the atmosphere which has raised serious concerns related to environmental pollution and global warming. One way to mitigate this problem is to electrochemically recycle CO₂ to value-added chemicals or fuels using electricity from renewable energy sources. Cu is the only metallic electrocatalyst that has been shown to produce a wide range of industrially important chemicals at appreciable rates. However, low product selectivity is a fundamental issue limiting commercial applications of electrochemical CO₂ reduction over Cu catalysts. Combining copper with other metals that actively contribute to the electrochemical CO₂ reduction reaction process can selectively facilitate generation of desirable products. Alloying Cu can alter surface binding strength through electronic and geometric effects, enhancing the availability of surface confined carbon species, and stabilising key reduction intermediates. As a result, significant research has been undertaken to design and fabricate copper-based alloy catalysts with structures that can enhance the selectivity of targeted products. In this article, progress with use of alloying strategies for development of Cu-alloy catalysts are reviewed. Challenges in achieving high selectivity and possible future directions for development of new copper-based alloy catalysts are considered.