TY - JOUR
T1 - A novel sketch attack for H.264/AVC format-compliant encrypted video
AU - Minemura, Kazuki
AU - Wong, Koksheik
AU - Phan, Raphael C.W.
AU - Tanaka, Kiyoshi
N1 - Funding Information:
Manuscript received June 28, 2015; revised April 26, 2016; accepted July 2, 2016. Date of publication July 11, 2016; date of current version November 8, 2017. This work was supported by the University of Malaya–High Impact Research Central through the Project entitled Unified Scalable Information Hiding under Grant UM.C/625/1/HIR/MOHE/FCSIT/01 and Grant B000001-22001. The work of R. C.-W. Phan was supported by Telekom Malaysia through the Project 2beAware under Grant RDTC/150879. This paper was recommended by Associate Editor P. Salama.
Publisher Copyright:
© 1991-2012 IEEE.
Copyright:
Copyright 2017 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.
PY - 2017/11
Y1 - 2017/11
N2 - In this paper, we propose a novel sketch attack for H.264 advanced video coding (H.264/AVC) format-compliant encrypted video. We briefly describe the notion of sketch attack, review the conventional sketch attacks designed for discrete cosine transform (DCT)-based compressed image, and identify their shortcomings when applied to attack compressed video. Specifically, the conventional DCT-based sketch attacks are incapable in sketching outlines for inter frame, which is deployed to significantly reduce temporal redundancy in video compression. To sketch directly from inter frame, we put forward a sketch attack by considering the partially decoded information of the H.264/AVC compressed video, namely, the number of bits spent on coding a macroblock. To evaluate the sketch image, we consider the Canny edge map as the ideal outline image. Experiments are conducted to verify the performance of the proposed sketch attack using ICADR2013, High Efficiency Video Coding dash, and Xiph video data sets. Results suggest that the proposed sketch attack can generate the outline image of the original frame for not only intra frame but also inter frame.
AB - In this paper, we propose a novel sketch attack for H.264 advanced video coding (H.264/AVC) format-compliant encrypted video. We briefly describe the notion of sketch attack, review the conventional sketch attacks designed for discrete cosine transform (DCT)-based compressed image, and identify their shortcomings when applied to attack compressed video. Specifically, the conventional DCT-based sketch attacks are incapable in sketching outlines for inter frame, which is deployed to significantly reduce temporal redundancy in video compression. To sketch directly from inter frame, we put forward a sketch attack by considering the partially decoded information of the H.264/AVC compressed video, namely, the number of bits spent on coding a macroblock. To evaluate the sketch image, we consider the Canny edge map as the ideal outline image. Experiments are conducted to verify the performance of the proposed sketch attack using ICADR2013, High Efficiency Video Coding dash, and Xiph video data sets. Results suggest that the proposed sketch attack can generate the outline image of the original frame for not only intra frame but also inter frame.
KW - Format-compliant encryption
KW - H.264 advanced video coding (H.264/AVC)
KW - integer transform
KW - macroblock (MB)
KW - sketch attack
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85035026835&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1109/TCSVT.2016.2589742
DO - 10.1109/TCSVT.2016.2589742
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85035026835
SN - 1051-8215
VL - 27
SP - 2309
EP - 2321
JO - IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology
JF - IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology
IS - 11
ER -