A holistic framework for examining complex problems in energy transition solutions

Climate change solutions are as complex as the problems they aim to address, yet holistic frameworks for identifying the social and environmental risks embedded within these solutions are rare. Scientists can be discouraged from openly critiquing widely accepted solutions owing to fears of being mischaracterized as obstructing progress toward decarbonization. However, critical research remains vital for uncovering the risks induced by seemingly viable solutions. In this perspective, we present a framework that aims to legitimate a “problems-in-solutions” research orientation to encourage a greater focus on the hidden or unintended consequences of climate action. Using Indonesian nickel production for electric vehicle batteries as a case study, we demonstrate how this orientation can highlight interconnected social and environmental challenges, including coal dependency and biodiversity loss. Our multidisciplinary, multiscale framework aims to foster a more open and comprehensive understanding of energy transition solutions and their associated trade-offs in support of equitable and sustainable strategies for addressing the climate crisis.