Abstract
The El Ni?o/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is characterized by two main states: El Ni?o events defined by positive sea surface temperature anomalies in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean and La Ni?a events marked by cooler surface temperatures in the same region. ENSO is broadly considered to be an oscillatory instability of the coupled ocean-atmosphere system in the tropical Pacific that shows a tight interaction with the seasonal cycle. El Ni?o events typically peak in the boreal winter, but the mechanism governing this phase synchronization is unclear. Here we show, using observational data and climate model experiments, that the nonlinear atmospheric response to combined seasonal and inter-annual sea surface temperature changes gives rise to a near-annual combination climate mode with periods of 10 and 15 months. Specifically, we find that the associated southward shift of westerly wind anomalies during boreal winter and spring triggers the termination of large El Ni?o events. We conclude that combination mode dynamics and related shifts in western tropical Pacific rainfall patterns occur most prominently during strong El Ni?o events.
Original language | English |
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Pages (from-to) | 540 - 544 |
Number of pages | 5 |
Journal | Nature Geoscience |
Volume | 6 |
Issue number | 7 |
DOIs | |
Publication status | Published - 2013 |
Externally published | Yes |