# 1.4 GHz low-cost PIN diode phase shifter for L-band radiometer antenna

Kim Tuyen Trinh, Jiewei Feng, Shahriar Hasan Shehab, Nemai Chandra Karmakar

Research output: Contribution to journalArticleResearchpeer-review

### Abstract

A 1.4 GHz 4-bit positive intrinsic negative (PIN) diode phase shifter with compact reflective loads for an ${L}$ -band soil moisture measuring radiometer phased array antenna has been successfully designed. Unlike conventional PIN diode phase shifters using PIN diodes as switches, the designed PIN diode phase shifter adopting the low-cost PIN diodes with poor isolation as equivalent lumped components corresponding to the forward and reverse bias states. First, the PIN diode is fully characterized for its equivalent circuit models at on- and off-states, and, then, the reflective load is designed with only one inductance in parallel with the diode models to obtain the desired phase shift. The phase shifter consists of four individual bits in cascade, providing 16 states of phase shifts. Each bit is constructed with a meander branch-line 90° coupler and two identical PIN diode reflective loads. Thus, the novel design yields a highly compact phase shifter at L-band. The phase shifter is theoretically analyzed, fabricated, and measured. The measured results show good agreement with analysis and calculations. The insertion loss of the 4-bit phase shifter is less than 2 dB within 25 MHz radiometer bandwidth and less than 2.3 dB from 1.37 to 1.43 GHz. The input and output return losses are larger than 16 dB within the 1.37 to 1.43 GHz frequency band. The root mean square (RMS) phase error is just less than 1° at the center frequency of 1.4 GHz and less than 3° within the radiometer bandwidth. The phase shifter is controlled with switching electronics and a microcontroller and integrated within the beamforming network of an L-band ${4\times 4}$ -element radiometer phased array antenna for soil moisture measurement.

Original language English 8752217 95274-95284 11 IEEE Access 7 https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2926140 Published - 1 Jul 2019

### Keywords

• Digital phase shifter
• hybrid coupler
• L-band
• PIN diode
• reflection-type phase shifter
• test-fixture
• thru-reflect-line (TRL) calibration

### Cite this

Trinh, Kim Tuyen ; Feng, Jiewei ; Shehab, Shahriar Hasan ; Karmakar, Nemai Chandra. / 1.4 GHz low-cost PIN diode phase shifter for L-band radiometer antenna. In: IEEE Access. 2019 ; Vol. 7. pp. 95274-95284.
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abstract = "A 1.4 GHz 4-bit positive intrinsic negative (PIN) diode phase shifter with compact reflective loads for an ${L}$ -band soil moisture measuring radiometer phased array antenna has been successfully designed. Unlike conventional PIN diode phase shifters using PIN diodes as switches, the designed PIN diode phase shifter adopting the low-cost PIN diodes with poor isolation as equivalent lumped components corresponding to the forward and reverse bias states. First, the PIN diode is fully characterized for its equivalent circuit models at on- and off-states, and, then, the reflective load is designed with only one inductance in parallel with the diode models to obtain the desired phase shift. The phase shifter consists of four individual bits in cascade, providing 16 states of phase shifts. Each bit is constructed with a meander branch-line 90° coupler and two identical PIN diode reflective loads. Thus, the novel design yields a highly compact phase shifter at L-band. The phase shifter is theoretically analyzed, fabricated, and measured. The measured results show good agreement with analysis and calculations. The insertion loss of the 4-bit phase shifter is less than 2 dB within 25 MHz radiometer bandwidth and less than 2.3 dB from 1.37 to 1.43 GHz. The input and output return losses are larger than 16 dB within the 1.37 to 1.43 GHz frequency band. The root mean square (RMS) phase error is just less than 1° at the center frequency of 1.4 GHz and less than 3° within the radiometer bandwidth. The phase shifter is controlled with switching electronics and a microcontroller and integrated within the beamforming network of an L-band ${4\times 4}$ -element radiometer phased array antenna for soil moisture measurement.",
keywords = "Digital phase shifter, hybrid coupler, L-band, PIN diode, reflection-type phase shifter, test-fixture, thru-reflect-line (TRL) calibration",
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doi = "10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2926140",
language = "English",
volume = "7",
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1.4 GHz low-cost PIN diode phase shifter for L-band radiometer antenna. / Trinh, Kim Tuyen; Feng, Jiewei; Shehab, Shahriar Hasan; Karmakar, Nemai Chandra.

In: IEEE Access, Vol. 7, 8752217, 01.07.2019, p. 95274-95284.

Research output: Contribution to journalArticleResearchpeer-review

TY - JOUR

T1 - 1.4 GHz low-cost PIN diode phase shifter for L-band radiometer antenna

AU - Trinh, Kim Tuyen

AU - Feng, Jiewei

AU - Shehab, Shahriar Hasan

AU - Karmakar, Nemai Chandra

PY - 2019/7/1

Y1 - 2019/7/1

N2 - A 1.4 GHz 4-bit positive intrinsic negative (PIN) diode phase shifter with compact reflective loads for an ${L}$ -band soil moisture measuring radiometer phased array antenna has been successfully designed. Unlike conventional PIN diode phase shifters using PIN diodes as switches, the designed PIN diode phase shifter adopting the low-cost PIN diodes with poor isolation as equivalent lumped components corresponding to the forward and reverse bias states. First, the PIN diode is fully characterized for its equivalent circuit models at on- and off-states, and, then, the reflective load is designed with only one inductance in parallel with the diode models to obtain the desired phase shift. The phase shifter consists of four individual bits in cascade, providing 16 states of phase shifts. Each bit is constructed with a meander branch-line 90° coupler and two identical PIN diode reflective loads. Thus, the novel design yields a highly compact phase shifter at L-band. The phase shifter is theoretically analyzed, fabricated, and measured. The measured results show good agreement with analysis and calculations. The insertion loss of the 4-bit phase shifter is less than 2 dB within 25 MHz radiometer bandwidth and less than 2.3 dB from 1.37 to 1.43 GHz. The input and output return losses are larger than 16 dB within the 1.37 to 1.43 GHz frequency band. The root mean square (RMS) phase error is just less than 1° at the center frequency of 1.4 GHz and less than 3° within the radiometer bandwidth. The phase shifter is controlled with switching electronics and a microcontroller and integrated within the beamforming network of an L-band ${4\times 4}$ -element radiometer phased array antenna for soil moisture measurement.

AB - A 1.4 GHz 4-bit positive intrinsic negative (PIN) diode phase shifter with compact reflective loads for an ${L}$ -band soil moisture measuring radiometer phased array antenna has been successfully designed. Unlike conventional PIN diode phase shifters using PIN diodes as switches, the designed PIN diode phase shifter adopting the low-cost PIN diodes with poor isolation as equivalent lumped components corresponding to the forward and reverse bias states. First, the PIN diode is fully characterized for its equivalent circuit models at on- and off-states, and, then, the reflective load is designed with only one inductance in parallel with the diode models to obtain the desired phase shift. The phase shifter consists of four individual bits in cascade, providing 16 states of phase shifts. Each bit is constructed with a meander branch-line 90° coupler and two identical PIN diode reflective loads. Thus, the novel design yields a highly compact phase shifter at L-band. The phase shifter is theoretically analyzed, fabricated, and measured. The measured results show good agreement with analysis and calculations. The insertion loss of the 4-bit phase shifter is less than 2 dB within 25 MHz radiometer bandwidth and less than 2.3 dB from 1.37 to 1.43 GHz. The input and output return losses are larger than 16 dB within the 1.37 to 1.43 GHz frequency band. The root mean square (RMS) phase error is just less than 1° at the center frequency of 1.4 GHz and less than 3° within the radiometer bandwidth. The phase shifter is controlled with switching electronics and a microcontroller and integrated within the beamforming network of an L-band ${4\times 4}$ -element radiometer phased array antenna for soil moisture measurement.

KW - Digital phase shifter

KW - hybrid coupler

KW - L-band

KW - PIN diode

KW - reflection-type phase shifter

KW - test-fixture

KW - thru-reflect-line (TRL) calibration

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U2 - 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2926140

DO - 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2926140

M3 - Article

VL - 7

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EP - 95284

JO - IEEE Access

JF - IEEE Access

SN - 2169-3536

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