Life is swirl in flatland---2D turbulence in a superfluid

We will create two-dimensional turbulence in superfluids composed of two atomic species, with the specific aim of experimentally observing the emergence of negative temperature states, manifested as coherent giant vortex structures, due to an inverse energy cascade phenomenon. We will explain the observations theoretically with the aid of large-scale computational modeling. Our results will not only contribute to the advancement of knowledge of turbulence by shedding new light on the microscopic mechanisms underlying two-dimensional superfluid turbulence, but will also usher in a new era of research with ultracold gases in the area of highly non-equilibrium dynamics of closed quantum systems.