Sandra is currently conjoint Professor of Criminology and a member of the Gender and Family Violence Research Group. In January 2006 she joined Liverpool University, having held previous appointments at Manchester Metropolitan, Keele, Salford and Liverpool Polytechnic where she began her career in January 1975. Throughout her career she has maintained an interest in criminal victimisation that in more recent times has been extended both substantially and conceptually to include the impact of 'new terrorism' and war.